A Discussion on Social Network Site: Necessity or Lifestyle?

What is social networking? A social networking is where people gather together as a group of a small community with same views, likes, interests, etc. While a social network site is an online social network, which website that are commonly used nowadays. It provides a platform for people, internet users, to share their interests such as hobbies, politics, and so on online bases.

Nowadays, with the improvement of technology, more and more people are using the platform from the internet to communicate such as doing business, for entertainment and socializing. As social network sites growing bigger and bigger, some of the websites already become a lifestyle for people or even a necessity. One of the famous social network site example is Facebook.

           

At first, Poeple is using the website to communicate with friends. With the platform provided in the internet they even can make friends with different people in different countries through the social websie. They can easily get know of other people details and conditions. Therefore, to surf and log in the social website has become a daily routine for most of the people to keep in touch of their friends' status. It has become a lifestyle of most of the online users. They often chit chating with each others, or charing their stories among themselves.

After that, some business organizations or non-profit organisations have realized that the impact of the social website to promote their products and services is great. It can influence people and get their product well known by advertising their prodcut and services on the social website. This way is much more efficient and effective way to spread the news and knowledge from a person to another person as friends support friends, and friends introduce friends.Those organisations advertise their products and services through organise a online competition in the social website, as much people take part in the online competition, the amount of people to get know of the company become larger. And most of the advertisements they make are free of charge just like create a page or profile of a company in Facebook. For students, they are using this opportunity to do their assignments or jobs. It is because, most of them is easily to get track in the website.

And now, a social website is become a neccessity for all of the online users. It helps them to get informations that they want, to contact and communicate with friends and relative without having too large of distance even the person is staying far far away. Social website also provided another way of advertising for businessmen. There is now a must for most of the people and organizations to update their status for all of the users' concern.

Therefore, as a conclusion, social network site not only a lifestyle for people. It is now become a neccessity for people to give a daily check, update their conditions and informations, and do their jobs.


References:
What Is Social Networking? from http://www.whatissocialnetworking.com/

 

What Is Social Networking? - What is Social Networking?

www.whatissocialnetworking.com

Just what is social networking? Social networking is defined as the grouping of individuals together into to specific groups, often like a small community or a neighborhood. Relevant information on social networking websites and how to use them properly.

A discussion on E-learning offered in Malaysian universities: Pros and Cons from the students perspective

What is e-learning? E-learning is the use of electronic equipment to allow you to study anytime and anywhere. It can be in form of CD-ROM-based, network-based, intranet-based or internet-based. 

Nowadays, most of the local or private universities in Malaysia have applied e-learning because it give a lot of convenient to students and lecturers. Although it can give a lot of advantages but also cause some disadvantages. 

Firstly, students and lecturers can save their time and cost from travel. Lecturers can just upload the study material to the website and students can direct download. Besides, the materials which is given by the lecturers to students will be consistent and lack of bias. Therefore, it will fair to all student because the materials are same. In addition, the website also act as a stage of integration between students and lecturers. Especially for those students who are not dare to ask lecturers question face to face or because of the unmatchable the time. They ask any doubts on the study on certain subject and do some discussion in the forum.

For instance, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman has provided https://wble-sl.utar.edu.my/login/index.php as a stage of integration between students and lecturers. Students can download the study material from this site. Besides, lecturers or tutor can do announcement or discussion with students in the forum which exists inside the UTAR intranet. 

However, there also have some disadvantages in e-learning. When the website is down, lecturers unable to upload the study material to the website. At the same time, students also unable to log in and download the materials. Therefore, it can delay the time study especially those documents which is important for the exam. Apart from that, some students may not that often to log in the website if their home don't have internet. This will cause them unable to log in the website and look for the important announcement from the lecturers. In addition, through the e-learning, it will decrease the face to face contact between students and lecturers. This may cause the social communication of the students become worse and hard to communicate with people when he/she steps in the society.

In conclusion, e-learning can carry out many advantages but at the same time also cause some disadvantages. As a student, we should not only rely on internet and study through the website. We also need to find the lecturers and ask the question if do not understand in study. Thus, we can balance up the advantages and disadvantages when doing the e-learning.

Reference:


Web Based Learning Environment @ UTAR Sungai Long. from 
https://wble-sl.utar.edu.my/login/index.php
What is E-Learning. from
http://www.e-learningconsulting.com/consulting/what/e-learning.html
What is E-Learning. from http://communication.howstuffworks.com/elearning1.htm

Corporate Blogging: A new marketing communication tool for companies

Corporate blogging is an investment that should produce a measurable return and to reach the company goals. It provides a clear mind map or overall marketing  to its employees and parties with organization communication plan and media mix.For example, corporation blog of successful blogs have Microsoft, GM, T-mobile, IBM,Boeing, Google,Sun etc.

Therefore,to start a corporate blog base on reasons:

1. Employment Branding
2. Public Relations
3. Marketing campaign
4. Consulting service
5. Innovative Idea   

Corporate blogs primarily are used for national branding.Also, corporate blogging encourages employee participation in contribution of free discussion of issues or topic, collective intelligence and shares their views with employees, teams or spokespersons publicly.Besides, it can be used to announce new products and services. and clarify policies of the company.

There are top 10 corporation blog are Google, O'Reily Radar, Yahoo, Tom peters, Ask.com, Adobe software, GM fast Lane, SunBelt Software, English Cut, The otter Group.

Other Business blogs also include Marketing blogs, Employment blogs, Public Relations blogs .

In addition,on this weekend, I will introduce what tips,condition,pros, risk, advantage and disadvantage for the corporate of blogging, types of various blog.

A. Five tips to succeed corporate Blogging

1. Plan  ahead and post regularly
2. Be original and fresh
3. Personality counts
4. Social Media
5. Write well or find someone who can

B. The condition to start a corporate blogging

1. Hire the right person for the job
2. Plan the blog path way
3. Design the blog to match the corporate site
4. Use an RSS management system
5. Promote the blog 

C. Three types of various blogging

1. Internal Blogs: It can be accessed through the corporation's intranet and can be view by their employees and participate in the discussion.
2. External Blogs: It is published to the public for idea sharing and to announce new products and services launch by the corporation. At the same time, public are allowed to comments and posts on their products and services.
3.  Corporate blogging: It has become a way for the company to react with it customers and build a strong brand recognition.

D. Advantage of corporate blogging

1. Build customers relationship
2. Earned investors trust
3. Beat the press releases
4. Marketing medium
5. Consumer feedback

E. Disadvantage of corporate blogging

1. Corporate blogging might make it easy for defamation and invasion of privacy or to breach information security.
2. It will create an expectation of updating the blog regularly and writing the blog will take a lot of time and cause of $759 billion in productivity every year.

 F. Corporate Blogging Risks   

1. Negative Comment : Negative comment will affect the confidence of investor and clear comment and    moderation policy.
2. Neglect: Companies need to spend time and incur costs to maintain and update their blogs regualrly.
3. Misunderstanding the Audience : The blog of audience may be write down something which is not true .

G. Pros of corporate blogging

1. Centralized:  Post and comments are easy to reach and followed by employees as generally structure conversation threads.
2. Accessible:  Among the executives since the corporate blogging are an" unparalleled information gathering mechanism"
3. Cost more cheaper: Achieve of thoughts and ideas can be created  within an hour through corporate blogging.
4. Important information: Employees and customers feedback to executives.

Corporate blogging is getting important for corporation to deliver the message privately or publicly since it has brought many pros even though the cons come along with it.

Reference:

Corporate Blogging of Information from Website. from

http://ecommercesite.wordpress.com/2008/07/04/corporate-blogging-a-new-marketing-tool-for-companies/

Corporate Blogging of Information. from

Corporate blogging: A new communication marketing communication tool for companies . from http://juz4uecommerce.wordpress.com/

http://ecomspace.blogspot.com/2008/06/corporate-blogging-new-marketing.html

Business Week, corporation will change your business. from 

http://littleangele-commerce.blogspot.com/2009/02/corporate-blogging-new-marketing.html

                                  

E-Government In Malaysia: It's Implementation So Far And Citizen's Adoption Strategies

Due to the advancement of computer and Internet nowadays, many countries started to implement e-government, this including Malaysia. Electronic government, or known as e-government, refers to the use of information technologies and communications (ICT) by government agencies to interact with citizens, businesses, and other government agencies. E-government had started implemented in Malaysia since the launch of Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) in August 1996 as part of the initiative to achieve Vision 2020. It also bring the convenience, accessibility and interactions to citizens and businesses and hence improve the exchange of information within government agencies and between government to citizens and businesses. 

There are seven main projects under the e-government flagship application:

1. Generic Office Environment (GOE)

Its aim is to introduce an office environment which fully utilises multimedia information technology to operate. This will allow efficient communication and collaboration among workers and also delivering the right information to the right people.

2. Electronic Procurement (eP) Project

Its aim is to automate, re-engineer and change the current procurement system. This project will include central contract, tender and direct purchase. this project has been started with e-Perolehan and can be accessed at http://home.eperolehan.gov.my/home/.

3. Human Resource Management Information System (HRMIS)

It will help to carry out human resource functions effectively and efficiently by providing single interface to government employees. HRMIS is not just for keeping records but also for transactional purposes like leave application, loan processing, recruitment and selection of employee, competency management and so on.

4. Project Monitoring System (PMS)

This system will set up a mechanism that will help to monitor the implementation of projects throughout government agencies and statutory bodies. PMS will also provide a platform for exchanging ideas and demonstrating best practices in information management and communication services.

5. Electronic Services Directory (eServices)

It allows Malaysians to engage in transactions with government and utilities and summons payment. it can be accessed through Internet and kiosk machines.

6. Electronic Labour Exchange (ELX)

Its main objective is to enhance the mobilisation of human resources and optimising the work force utilisation. The Ministry of Human Resources will become the one-stop centre for labour market information because of ELX. The information is accessible to the public.

7. E-Syariah

The main objective of e-Syariah is to improve the quality of service in Syariah courts. It consists of Syariah Court Case Management System, Office Automation System, E-Syariah Portal, Syarie Lawyers Registration System and Library Management System.

However, citizens are still not aware and adopt to services provided by e-government in Malaysia. So, below are some suggestions of citizen's adoption strategies:

1. Create Awareness Among Citizens

Government should launch some programs in order to create awareness among citizens about the availability of the electronic online services. Government should also teach citizens on how to use those services during the programs. Besides that, government can also advertise in mass media about the electronic services.  

2. User Friendly Website Design   

Those websites which provide services under e-government should be designed to bring convenience to users. With user friendly website design, users which access to these websites will feel convenient and will adopt and accept the website and using their services provided like utilities payment and tax payment.

3. Providing Incentives

Government should provide incentives for citizens and businesses which use services under e-government in order to encourage them using those services. This will attract more citizens and businesses adopt to e-government services. 

  
References:
Flagship Applications. from http://www.mscmalaysia.my/topic/12073046901815
Social Impact of E-Government In Malaysia. from http://www.unpan.org/Library/MajorPublications/UNEGovernmentSurvey/PublicEGovernanceSurveyintheNews/tabid/651/mctl/ArticleView/ModuleId/1555/articleId/24083/Social-Impact-of-EGovernment-in-Malaysia.aspx
Malaysia's Moderniser. from http://www.futuregov.asia/articles/2009/oct/13/malaysias-moderniser/
Definition of E-Government. from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTINFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/EXTEGOVERNMENT/0,,contentMDK:20507153~menuPK:702592~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:702586,00.html
Implementation of Electronic Government In Malaysia: The Status And Potential For Better Service to The Public. from http://www.docstoc.com/docs/44741917/IMPLEMENTATION-OF-ELECTRONIC-GOVERNMENT-IN-MALAYSIA-THE-STATUS-AND

Credit Card Debts: Causes And Prevention

Credit cards become more and more common nowadays. Most of the people who are working hold at least one credit card. Credit card is a card that may be used to borrow money or buy products and services on credit. It is issued by banks, savings and loans, retail stores, and other businesses. Credit cards could be very useful when buying things and especially during emergencies. However, some people didn't use credit cards wisely and causes debts to accumulate because of the amount of money that they are owing, interest and penalties.

These are some of the causes of credit card debts:

i)Spending Without Control

Most people think that using credit cards to buy things is convenient as they don't need to bring a lot of money when they go out. Usually the limit for credit cards is up to a few thousands, so they use the credit cards to buy things without thinking of the budget. They just need to swipe their credit cards at the machine and they can buy the things that they want to buy. So, when people spending using credit cards will tend to spend without control. When they are not able to pay back the money that they have spent using credit cards at the end of the month, they will be charged on interest and penalties and consequently their debts will be accumulated.

ii)Saving Too Few or Don't Have Saving At All

Nowadays, people don't like to save their money. Instead, they rather spend away all their monthly salaries. By the end of the month, they don't have enough money to pay for the credit card debts and the debts will keep on increasing due to interest charge and penalties Those who have savings may also face the problem of credit card debts. This is because their savings might be too few and not enough to cover their credit card debts. Their debts will keep on increasing too but not as much as and as fast as those who don't have savings.

iii)Reduced Income And Increasing Expenses

Due to the recession period of economy, the income of most people has been reduced or maintained. However, their expenses have been increasing all the time. This is mostly due to the inflation. Most goods have been increased in prices. People have lesser money to spend on their expenses. So, they don't even have extra money to pay for the credit card payments. Hence, their debts are increasing because of this reason.

iv)Unemployment

As mentioned above, during this economic recession period, most people can't get a high income, some even have been sacked or fired because the companies need to save costs. This will increase the number of unemployed and unemployment rate in the country. Since the people don't even have a work to earn money, so they can't pay for their credit card debts and the debts will accumulate.

To prevent credit card debts, you should:

i)Plan Your Budget

Planning a budget before you spend is very important. This will avoid you from spending without control. You should plan your budget wisely. Try to spend your expenses at the lowest costs. Try to make comparison before you buy a product, choose the one with the lowest price. Make a list which stated all the things that you want to buy before you start buying things. If possible, try to avoid using credit cards to pay for your purchases.

ii)Pay The Balance In Full

You should try to pay the balance in full every month. Try to pay more than the minimum payment that the creditors charge you every month. This will help you to clear your debts faster and also reduce the interest charged on you every month.

iii)Having The Habit Of Saving Money

You should save a certain amount of money every month from your salaries. The savings not just can be used to clear your credit card debts, they also can be used for emergencies. Furthermore, when you have more savings, you will avoid to rely on the credit cards when you spend as you can use the savings to pay for your spending.

iv)Pay On Time

You should pay all your credit card payments on time every month. This is to avoid your creditors to charge penalties on you because of your late payments. Those penalties can cause the credit card debts to increase. Besides that, because of the universal default clause in the credit cards' terms and conditions, credit card companies can increase your interest rate if you pay your creditors late. If you're pay before the due date, you will save money on interest because the interest is calculated based on the average daily balance.

v)Limit The Number Of Credit Cards That You Hold

Try to limit the number of credit cards that you hold to one or two. Each credit card has different terms and conditions like interest rates, penalties and due date. Try to use the credit cards with lower interest rates. By limiting the number of credit cards to just one or two will allow you to track your credit card payments easily. The amount of debts will also not as high as holding more than two credit cards.

References:

Credit Card Debt Prevention. from http://www.mozdex.com/prevent-credit-card-debt/

The Causes of Credit Card Debt. from 

http://www.badcreditloancenter.com/the-causes-of-credit-card-debt/

Top 10 Causes of Debts. from http://www.bankrate.com/brm/news/debt/debt_manage_2004/top-10-causes.asp

Debt Prevention and Management. from http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/145666/debts_loans/debt_prevention_and_management.html

How to Avoid Credit Card Debt. from http://www.cardratings.com/howtoavoidcreditcarddebt.html

The Application of Prepaid Cash Card for Consumers

     A prepaid cash card is neither a credit card nor a debit card where it doesn't have line of credit. Also, it is not a debit card . As the functions are similar to Credit card or debit card so that this week I will introduce the application of prepaid cash card for consumer

1.  Types of prepaid cash card
2.  The application of prepaid cash card for consumers
3.  The types of prepaid debit cards
4.  The advantages of prepaid card
5.  Top five reasons people get a prepaid Debit card


1. Types of prepaid cash card : There are four types of prepaid cash card

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a. Octopus Card - It has been used in Hong kong for a long period of time to transfer electronic payment, pay for all public transport, parking, fast food restaurant etc.

b. Prepaid Vista Cash Card- It is issued by Four Oaks Bank& Trust company that given the opportunity for consumers with poor credit record and young children by not spending more than the balance on the card.

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c. Ez-link Card- It has been used in Singapore to pay the public transportation and now it can be used at health care centre, government services, industry and gaming.

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d. Smart Trip card- The cards are roughly the same size as a credit card or driver's license.

2. The application of Prepaid cash card for consumer

a. Pay the bills online- Pay rental, cell phone bills etc.

b. Shopping- It can shop anywhere as long as the using of the card been accepted by the shop.

c. Travel card- Traveler can withdraw the funds at ATM that access funds to local currency. It also use to paid the goods purchases and services.

d. Health Care- It provides easy access to healthcare funds and use to pay for co-pays at the medical center.

e. Transfer funds- It can transfers money through electronic whether online or offline.

f. Buy petrol at the pump.

3. The types of prepaid Debit Cards

a. ATM cards- it designed for payment transactions requiring the secured entry of a pin at both the point of sale or ATM.

b. Branded or signature Prepaid Debit Cards- It can be used for transactions at every respective point of sale terminal carrying the visa or the Master card logo which can be used to pay bills and purchase online.

4. The advantages of prepaid cards- There are few major advantages of prepaid card 

a. Availability- Consumer can get a card without worry about credit history because there are no credit check available

b. Safety issue- Carrying a card will be more safer than carry cash especially when want to pay a huge transaction amount.

c. control- Parents can control their children's spending by just reload a certain amount into children card. At the same time, consumer spending amount will have been limited .

5. Top Five reasons people get a prepaid Debit Card

a. To pay bills

b. They wanted a Visa card

c. They wanted direct deposit

d. To avoid carrying cash

e. To shop online

    Besides the Five topics what I introduced on above, there are several applications of prepaid cash card for consumers:

a. General Spending Debit  Card

•  For funds security
• ATM cash withdrawals 
• Purchase at POS
• Full-function Visa & Mc branded Prepaid Debit card can be used for ' Signature-based' purchases, bill payments and online purchases.

 b. Payroll and commission payout card
 c.  Remittance which funds tansfer within and across borders
 d. Affinity Group Card
 e. Travel Card
 f. Student Card
 g. Gift Card


     Next,  Prepaid cash card are usually used in the scope of activities :


a. Credit Card occupy for 41.5%
b. Debit card occupy for  27.9 %
c. Cash cards occupy for 28.8 %
d. Others occupy for 1.8 %

     The activites involves every day shopping, internet shopping, topping up your mobile, paying bills, paying monthly subscriptions, withdrawing cash from ATMS. The most common of prepaid cash card that is used in Malaysia is the Touch n' Go where used at all highways in Malaysia, major public transports, themepark. Touch n'Go also pay for public transportation like KTM, LRT and Rapid KL in Klang Valley and enhances the speed of paying so that it is very convenient because user no longer need to preapre for small change or wait in queue at the cash lane to complete the transaction.

    At last, we should understand what the benefit of Prepaid cash card for consumers? Prepaid cash card can be continues use by preload money onto the card at bank, post office, payzone or paypoint terminals or using bank transfer. Other benefits include:

1. it can help to manage consumer money safer, easier  and cheaper prepaid visa and prepaid master card work like a checking account where individuals and business deposit money and withdraw funds from a protected account .

2.  it is more secure to use prepaid cash card rather than carrying cash around and it enables the person to start spending according to a budget as well.

3. Consumer can only spend what amount in their account so that they will not bear debt.

References :


The Application of Prepaid Cash Card for Consumer. from http://ecommercechangetheworld.blogspot.com/2009/07/application-of-pre-paid-cash-card-for.html
The Application of Prepaid Cash Card for Consumer. from http://juz4uecommerce.wordpress.com/
The Application of Prepaid Cash Card for Consumer. from
http://secretgarden2008.blogspot.com/2008/06/application-of-pre-paid-cash-card-for.html

Others reference website:

Compare Prepaid Cards. from http://www.moneysupermarket.com/c/prepaid-cards/guide/

Prepaid Cash Card. from http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5621787.html
http://www.i1games.com/index.asp?show=games&link=direct&bid=16

Electronic Currency

In year 1999, electronic currency was officially accepted by the countries of the European Union to simplify business by eliminating exchange rates. It is one of the potion of e-commerce. E-currency also  known as e-money, electronic cash, electronic money, digital money, digital cash or digital currency. Besides, it is also a collective term for financial cryptography and technologies enabling it.It refers to money or scrip that will only appear when doing the electronically exchanged. Normally, this includes the use of computer networks, the internet and digital stored value systems. The examples for electronic currency are electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), digital gold currency, virtual currency and direct deposit. 

Electronic currency allows its holder to buy the goods and the services provides by the people who are offering in the internet. Thus, there are come out a term that is electronic currency trading which means buying and selling of this internet money. It just like in our daily life monetary currencies. After that, some system have appear, such as technically electronic. It is a representation or a system of debits and credits and used to exchange value within another system, or itself as a self operate system whether online or offline. Providers always refers as the term of electronic money. A private currency may use gold to provide extra security, such as digital gold currency. 

We can find from the internet that are many systems sell their electronic currency directly to the end user, such as Gogopay, Paypal, WebMoney and Wirex. Apart from that, Liberty Reserve provides the system sell through third party digital currency exchangers. 

In conclusion, they are many benefits we can gain by using e-currency, such as convenience and privacy, efficient transactions, decrease the transaction cost, increase the business opportunities with the spread of economic activities on the Internet, etc. However, it is also raise up some issues. For instance, how to levy taxes during the transfer of digital currencies. Besides, instability of exchange rate and shortage of money supplies (total amount of digital cash versus total amount of real cash available and normally the possibility that digital cash could more than the real cash exist). Thus, the available of cyber laws is needed to regulate the transactions and overcome the issues.

Reference:


1) http://www.rmvalues.com/bank/e-money.html
2) http://www.selfseo.com/story-6264.php
3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-currency
4) http://www.romow.com/business-blog/benefits-of-e-currency-trading/

Mobile payment systems in Malaysia: Its potentials and consumers’ adoption level

Nowadays, as moblie commerce becomes more and more important in most of the industries, it makes mobile payment a new method of payment. Consumer can through mobile phone to pay the goods and services such as digital goods, books and magazines, and transport fees, instead of paying with cash or by cheque and credit cards. For example from Africa which is in developing market, it starting to view mobile phone as an opportunity as many Africans have access to mobile phone rather than bank accounts or Internet.

In 2001, Malaysia, the first mobile payment service via multi-channel access for internet and wireless transaction is created, TeleMoney. A GSM cellular phone and credit or debit card is needed to register for the service. Internet and mobile commerce service via TeleMoney is offered by Systems@Work which is the mover for TeleMoney as a merchant for settlement, clearing and payment bank for service in Malaysia. System@Work also collaborate with celcom which is a telco to support the growth of mobile commerce

in Malaysia.

Maxis chief executive officer, Sandip Das, said: “Maxis FastTap is an integrated mobile payment service that uses near field communication (NFC) technology, with partners such as phone company Nokia, financial services companies Visa and Maybank, and Malaysia’s Touch ‘n Go card.” ('World's First Contactless Mobile Payment System' Launches in Malaysia, 2009)

After signed up the Maxis FastTap, consumer can purchase goods and services through theuse of Nokia 6212 classic phones. Malaysia can through using the mobile phones to enjoy the benefits same as their Visa payWave cards.

Maybank head of consumer banking, Lim Hong Tat, said: “The Maybankard Visa payWave mobile service appeals to tech-savvy members who want a mobile device that does more as well as reflects their lifestyle.” ('World's First Contactless Mobile Payment System' Launches in Malaysia, 2009)

In BSN, they are also provide service that allow customer to pay their merchants bill through mobile payment after they have registered and open account with mobile payment service providers.

As there are more and more people are having mobile phone. Some of the business men or friend around us are using two mobile phones even. Consumers' request faster and convenient service. Mobile payment is now one of the convenient payment systems for merchant payments. And we can see that some of the banks already provided the mobile payment service for the public, such as BSN and Maybank. Therefore, there is a need for poeple to accept the mobiletogether with the developement of technology as mobile payment will become popular in the future.

References:

Mobile Payment. fromhttp://www.bnm.gov.my/microsites/payment/0104_types.htm#mobilepayment
Monile Payment System. from
http://www.telecomsmarketresearch.com/resources/Mobile_Payment_Systems.shtml
Malaysia's First Mobile Payment System Launched. from
http://www.zdnetasia.com/malaysia-s-first-mobile-payment-system-launched-39001884.htm
'World's First Contactless Mobile Payment System' Launches in Malaysia. from
http://mis-asia.com/news/articles/worlds-first-contactless-mobile-payment-system-launches-in-malaysia
Mobile Payment: Potential and Reality for Nigeria. fromhttp://www.cipaco.org/spip.php?article1963

Types of Payment Systems

www.bnm.gov.my

Mobile payment allows you to make payments to selected merchants by using your mobile phones. Bill payments and purchase of goods and services are among the cashless transactions that can be made. To enjoy the benefits of mobile payments, you have to register and open an account with mobile payment

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Who Governs the Internet?

     Prior to 1995, the internet was a government program beginning in 1995, private corporations were given control of the technical infrastructure as well as process of granting IP addresses and domain names.The internet began in 1969 as an experimental project. The U.S department of defence wanted to develop a network that could withstand outages, such as caused by nuclear attacks. A principle goal was to create a system that could send messages. The objective of its founder was to create a network in which communication could continue even if parts of the network crashed. To achieve the objective, it was designed with no central computer or network. Thirty years ago, the concept of an internet was just an idea shared by a few scientists. The internet is truly democractic. It has no owner or executive who says how it should run. Everyone who uses the internet can show their opinion such as Internet Society(ISOC) set standards and manage the use of limited resources, such as domain names and e-mail addresses. The internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks taht use the standard internet protocol suite(TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. The internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as inter-linked hypertext documents of the world wide web(www) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.

     President Clinton using the funds from the Department of Commerce,  encouraged the establishment of an international body called the internet corporation for assigning Numbers and Names(ICANN) that hopefully could better represent a wider range of countries and a broad range of interests and begin to address emerging public policy issues in the E-commerce period. ICANN was to be an internatinal self-governing body not another government agency. However, the explosive growth of Internet created a number of issues over which ICANN had no authority.Early internet advocates argued that Internet was different from previous technologies. The popular slogan was" Information wants to be free". In china, internet is controlled from government-owned centralized routers that direct traffic across their borders and within the Countries. This permits government to block access to U.S or European web sites. Also, all ISPS need a licence from the Ministry of information Industry and they are prohibited from disseminating any information that may harm the state or permit pornography, gambling or advocacy of cults in China. In United States, efforts to control media content have run up against equally powerful social and political that protect freedom of expression.

      Today also there isn't any particular organization who exercises control over internet. It is still governed by volunteer groups who exercise control over Internet to some extent but there is no complete authority such as internet Activities(IAB), Internet Network Information center( InterNic), World Wide Web consortium(W3C).

      No one governs the internet, the internet is  a network which is spread globally. People  around the world can communicate with each other using the internet. Many countries are playing active role in the development of the internet so that the countries can share resources for each other. Also, the internet is a wild and unruly place. The internet actually is tightly managed with regards to network allocation. When someone decided that each country should have 2-letter top-level domain then that was ICANN. ICANN is a regularlybody and it was created as a non-profit to take control away from the U.S government, which relinquished it voluntarily. IANN is the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. it was in the game before ICANN was created in late 1998. IANA overseas the real IP and domain name management as well as root-level DNS operations. IANA also manages IP delegation by assigning a set of numbers to Regional Internet Registries, or RIRS. These RIRS will delegate from their assigned IP addresses. There are ARIN(North America), APNIC( Asia and the pacific), RIPE NCC( Europe, central Asia, and the Middle East), LACNIC, AfriNIC.

    There are the top-level domains(TLDS), such as . net, .com, and .org. ICANN will accredit certain companies to allow them to become registrars which mean they can sell domain names. The IETF is the internet Enginnerring Task Force. It develops internet standards and protocols , such as TCP. The IETF itself falls under the ISOC. The council of elders is a group of invited volunteers call Internet Architecture Board or the IAB. The IAB meets regularly to "bless" standards and allocate resources, like addresses.

References:

Who Governs the Internet, from

http://ezinearticles.com/?Who-Governs-the-Internet?&id=2002524

Who Governs the Internet, from http://www.blurtit.com/q519278.html

Networking 101: Who Governs the Internet, from http://www.linuxplanet.com/linuxplanet/tutorials/6543/1/

Who Governs the Internet, from http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/Dave/Internet/node25.html  

History of the Internet, from http://www.msichicago.org/scrapbook/scrapbook_exhibits/commex/history.html